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  2. THE NINE CLASSICS

  3. THE AGNOSTICISM OF CONFUCIUS

  A fragment of logic—The philosopher and the urchins—A formula of wisdom

  4. THE WAY OF THE HIGHER MAN

  Another portrait of the sage—Elements of character—The Golden Rule

  5. CONFUCIAN POLITICS

  Popular sovereignty—Government by example—The decentralization of wealth-Music and manners—Socialism and revolution

  6. THE INFLUENCE OF CONFUCIUS

  The Confucian scholars—Their victory over the Legalists—Defects of Confucianism—The contemporaneity of Confucius

  III. SOCIALISTS AND ANARCHISTS

  1. MO TI, ALTRUIST

  2. YANG CHU, EGOIST

  3. MENCIUS, MENTOR OF PRINCES

  A model mother—A philosopher among kings—Are men by nature good?—Single tax—Mencius and the communists—The profit-motive—The right of revolution

  4. HSUN-TZE, REALIST

  The evil nature of man—The necessity of law

  5. CHUANG-TZE, IDEALIST

  The Return to Nature—Governmentless society—The Way of Nature—The limits of the intellect—The evolution of man—The Button-Moulder—The influence of Chinese philosophy in Europe

  Chapter XXIV: THE AGE OF THE POETS

  I. CHINA’S BISMARCK

  The Period of Contending States—The suicide of Ch’u P’ing—Shih Huang-ti unifies China—The Great Wall—The “Burning of the Books”—The failure of Shih Huang-ti

  II. EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIALISM

  Chaos and poverty—The Han Dynasty—The reforms of Wu Ti—The income tax—The planned economy of Wang Mang—Its overthrow—The Tatar invasion

  III. THE GLORY OF T’ANG

  The new dynasty—T’ai Tsung’s method of reducing crime—An age of prosperity—The “Brilliant Emperor”—The romance of Yang Kwei-fei—The rebellion of An Lu-shan

  IV. THE BANISHED ANGEL

  An anecdote of Li Po—His youth, prowess and loves—On the imperial barge—The gospel of the grape—War—The wanderings of Li Po—In prison—“Deathless Poetry”

  V. SOME QUALITIES OF CHINESE POETRY

  “Free verse”—“Imagism”—“Every poem a picture and every picture a poem”—Sentimentality—Perfection of form

  VI. TU FU

  T’ao Ch’ien—Po Chü-i—Poems for malaria—Tu Fu and Li Po—A vision of war—Prosperous days—Destitution—Death

  VII. PROSE

  The abundance of Chinese literature—Romances—History—Szuma Ch’ien—Essays-Han Yü on the bone of Buddha

  VIII. THE STAGE

  Its low repute in China—Origins—The play—The audience—The actors—Music

  Chapter XXV: THE AGE OF THE ARTISTS

  I. THE SUNG RENAISSANCE

  1. THE SOCIALISM OF WANG AN-SHIH

  The Sung Dynasty—A radical premier—His cure for unemployment—The regulation of industry—Codes of wages and prices—The nationalization of commerce-State insurance against unemployment, poverty and old age—Examinations for public office—The defeat of Wang An-shih

  2. THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING

  The growth of scholarship—Paper and ink in China—Steps in the invention of printing—The oldest book—Paper money—Movable type—Anthologies, dictionaries, encyclopedias

  3. THE REBIRTH OF PHILOSOPHY

  Chu Hsi—Wang Yang-ming—Beyond good and evil

  II. BRONZES, LACQUER AND JADE

  The rôle of art in China—Textiles—Furniture—Jewelry—Fans—The making of lacquer—The cutting of jade—Some masterpieces in bronze—Chinese sculpture

  III. PAGODAS AND PALACES

  Chinese architecture—The Porcelain Tower of Nanking—The Jade Pagoda of Peking—The Temple of Confucius—The Temple and Altar of Heaven—The palaces of Kublai Khan—A Chinese home—The interior—Color and form

  IV. PAINTING

  1. MASTERS OF CHINESE PAINTING

  Ku K’ai-chhi, the “greatest painter, wit and fool”—Han Yü’s miniature—The classic and the romantic schools—Wang Wei—Wu Tao-tze—Hui Tsung, the artist-emperor—Masters of the Sung age

  2. QUALITIES OF CHINESE PAINTING

  The rejection of perspective—Of realism—Line as nobler than color—Form as rhythm—Representation by suggestion—Conventions and restrictions Sincerity of Chinese art

  V. PORCELAIN

  The ceramic art—The making of porcelain—Its early history—Céladon—Enamels—The skill of Hao Shih-chiu—Cloisonné—The age of K’ang-hsi—Of Ch’ien Lung

  Chapter XXVI: THE PEOPLE AND THE STATE

  I. HISTORICAL INTERLUDE

  1. MARCO POLO VISITS KUBLAI KHAN

  The incredible travelers—Adventures of a Venetian in China—The elegance and prosperity of Hangchow—The palaces of Peking—The Mongol Conquest—Jenghiz Khan—Kublai Khan—His character and policy—His harem—“Marco Millions”

  2. THE MING AND THE CH’ING

  Fall of the Mongols—The Ming Dynasty—The Manchu invasion—The Ch’ing Dynasty—An enlightened monarch—Ch’ien Lung rejects the Occident

  II. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE

  Population—Appearance—Dress—Peculiarities of Chinese speech—Of Chinese writing

  III. THE PRACTICAL LIFE

  1. IN THE FIELDS

  The poverty of the peasant—Methods of husbandry—Crops—Tea—Food—The stoicism of the village

  2. IN THE SHOPS

  Handicrafts—Silk—Factories—Guilds—Men of burden—Roads and canals-Merchants—Credit and coinage—Currency experiments—Printing-press inflation

  3. INVENTION AND SCIENCE

  Gunpowder, fireworks and war—The compass—Poverty of industrial invention-Geography—Mathematics—Physics—Feng shut—Astronomy—Medicine—Hygiene

  IV. RELIGION WITHOUT A CHURCH

  Superstition and scepticism—Animism—The worship of Heaven—Ancestor—worship—Confucianism—Taoism—The elixir of immortality—Buddhism—Religious toleration and eclecticism—Mohammedanism—Christianity—Causes of its failure in China

  V. THE RULE OF MORALS

  The high place of morals in Chinese society—The family—Children—Chastity—Prostitution—Premarital relations—Marriage and love—Monogamy and polygamy—Concubinage—Divorce—A Chinese empress—The patriarchal male—The subjection of woman—The Chinese character

  VI. A GOVERNMENT PRAISED BY VOLTAIRE

  The submergence of the individual—Self-government—The village and the province—The laxity of the law—The severity of punishment—The Emperor—The Censor—Administrative boards—Education for public office—Nomination by education—The examination system—Its defects—Its virtues

  Chapter XXVII: REVOLUTION AND RENEWAL

  I. THE WHITE PERIL

  The conflict of Asia and Europe—The Portuguese—The Spanish—The Dutch—The English—The opium trade—The Opium Wars—The T’ai-p’ing Rebellion—The War with Japan—The attempt to dismember China—The “Open Door”—The Empress Dowager—The reforms of Kuang Hsu—His removal from power—The “Boxers”—The Indemnity

  II. THE DEATH OF A CIVILIZATION

  The Indemnity students—Their Westernization—Their disintegrative effect in China—The rôle of the missionary—Sun Yat-sen, the Christian—His youthful adventures—His meeting with Li Hung-chang—His plans for a revolution—Their success—Yuan Shi-k’ai—The death of Sun Yat-sen—Chaos and pillage—Communism—“The north pacified”—Chiang Kai-shek—Japan in Manchuria—At Shanghai

  III. BEGINNINGS OF A NEW ORDER

  Change in the village—In the town—The factories—Commerce—Labor unions—Wages—The new government—Nationalism vs. Westernization—The dethronement of Confucius—The reaction against religion—The new morality—Marriage in transition-Birth control—Co-education—The “New Tide” in literature and philosophy—The new language of literature—Hu Shih—Elements of destruction—Elements of renewal

  B
. JAPAN

  Chronology of Japanese Civilization

  Chapter XXVIII: THE MAKERS OF JAPAN

  I. THE CHILDREN OF THE GODS

  How Japan was created—The rôle of earthquakes

  II. PRIMITIVE JAPAN

  Racial components—Early civilization—Religion—Shinto—Buddhism—The beginnings of art—The “Great Reform”

  III. THE IMPERIAL AGE

  The emperors—The aristocracy—The influence of China—The Golden Age of Kyoto—Decadence

  IV. THE DICTATORS

  The shoguns—The Kamakura Bakufu—Tie Hojo Regency—Kublai Khan’s invasion—The Ashikaga Shogunate—The three buccaneers

  V. GREAT MONKEY-FACE

  The rise of Hideyoshi—The attack upon Korea—The conflict with Christianity

  VI. THE GREAT SHOGUN

  The accession of Iyeyasu—His philosophy—Iyeyasu and Christianity—Death of Iyeyasu—The Tokugawa Shogunate

  Chapter XXIX: THE POLITICAL AND MORAL FOUNDATIONS

  I. THE SAMURAI

  The powerless emperor—The powers of the shogun—The sword of the Samurai—The code of the Samurai—Hara-kiri—The Forty-seven Ronin—A commuted sentence

  II. THE LAW

  The first code—Group responsibility—Punishments

  III. THE TOILERS

  Castes—An experiment in the nationalization of land—State fixing of Wages—A famine—Handicrafts—Artisans and guilds

  IV. THE PEOPLE

  Stature—Cosmetics—Costume—Diet—Etiquette—Saki—The tea ceremony—The flower ceremony—Love of nature—Gardens—Homes

  V. THE FAMILY

  The paternal autocrat—The status of woman—Children—Sexual morality—The Geisha—Love

  VI. THE SAINTS

  Religion in Japan—The transformation of Buddhism—The priests—Sceptics

  VII. THE THINKERS

  Confucius reaches Japan—A critic of religion—The religion of scholarship—Kaibara Ekken—On education—On pleasure—The rival schools—A Japanese Spinoza—Ito Jinsai—Ito Togai—Ogyu Sorai—The war of the scholars—Mabuchi—Moto-ori

  Chapter XXX: THE MIND AND ART OF OLD JAPAN

  I. LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION

  The language—Writing—Education

  II. POETRY

  The Manyoshu—The Kokinshu—Characteristics of Japanese poetry—Examples—The game of poetry—The hokka-gamblers

  III. PROSE

  1. FICTION

  Lady Muraski—The Tale of Genji—Its excellence—Later Japanese fiction—A humorist

  2. HISTORY

  The historians—Arai Hakuseki

  3. THE ESSAY

  The Lady Sei Shonagon—Kamo no-Chomei

  IV. THE DRAMA

  The No plays—Their character—The popular stage—The Japanese Shakespeare-Summary judgment

  V. THE ART OF LITTLE THINGS

  Creative imitation—Music and the dance—Inro and netsuke—Hidari Jingaro—Lacquer

  VI. ARCHITECTURE

  Temples—Palaces—The shrine of Iyeyasu—Homes

  VII. METALS AND STATUES

  Swords—Mirrors—The Trinity of Horiuji—Colossi—Religion and sculpture

  VIII. POTTERY

  The Chinese stimulus—The potters of Hizen-Pottery and tea—How Goto Saijiro brought the art of porcelain from Hizen to Kaga—The nineteenth century

  IX. PAINTING

  Difficulties of the subject—Methods and materials—Forms and ideals—Korean origins and Buddhist inspiration—The Tosa School—The return to China—Sesshiu—The Kano School—Koyetsu and Korin—The Realistic School

  X. PRINTS

  The Ukiyoye School—Its founders—Its masters—Hokusai—Hiroshige

  XI. JAPANESE ART AND CIVILIZATION

  A retrospect—Contrasts—An estimate—The doom of the old Japan

  Chapter XXXI THE NEW JAPAN

  I. THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION

  The decay of the Shogunate—America knocks at the door—The Restoration—The Westernization of Japan—Political reconstruction—The new constitution—Law—The army—The war with Russia—Its political results

  II. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  Industrialization—Factories—Wages—Strikes—Poverty—The Japanese point of view

  III. THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION

  Changes in dress—In manners—The Japanese character—Morals and marriage in transition—Religion—Science—Japanese medicine—Art and taste—Language and education—Naturalistic fiction—New forms of poetry

  IV. THE NEW EMPIRE

  The precarious bases of the new civilization—Causes of Japanese imperialism—The Twenty-one Demands—The Washington Conference—The Immigration Act of 1924—The invasion of Manchuria—The new kingdom—Japan and Russia—Japan and Europe—Must America fight Japan?

  Envoi: Our Oriental Heritage

  Glossary of Foreign Terms

  Bibliography of Books Referred to in the Text

  Notes

  Pronouncing and Biographical Index

  List of Illustrations

  (Illustration Section follows page xxxii)

  FIG. 1. Granite statue of Rameses II

  Turin Museum, Italy

  FIG. 2. Bison painted in paleolithic cave at Altamira, Spain

  Photo by American Museum of Natural History

  FIG. 3. Hypothetical reconstruction of a neolithic lake dwelling

  American Museum of Natural History

  FIG. 4. Development of the alphabet

  FIG. 5. Stele of Naram-sin

  Louvre; photo by Archives Photographiques d’Art et d’Histoire

  FIG. 6. The “little” Gudea

  Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 7. Temple of Der-el-Bahri

  Photo by Lindsley F. Hall

  FIG. 8. Colonnade and court of the temple at Luxor

  Photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 9. Hypothetical reconstruction of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak

  From a model in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 10. Colonnade of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak

  Underwood & Underwood

  FIG. 11. The Rosetta Stone

  British Museum

  FIG. 12. Diorite head of the Pharaoh Khafre

  Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 13. The seated Scribe

  Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 14. Wooden figure of the “Sheik-el-Beled”

  Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 15. Sandstone head from the workshop of the sculptor Thutmose a Amarna

  State Museum, Berlin; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 16. Head of a king, probably Senusret III.

  Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 17. The royal falcon and serpent. Limestone relief from First Dynasty

  Louvre; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 18. Head of Thutmose III

  Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 19. Rameses II presenting an offering

  Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 20. Bronze figure of the Lady Tekoschet

  Athens Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 21. Seated figure of Montumihait

  State Museum, Berlin

  FIG. 22. Colossi of Rameses II, with life-size figures of Queen Nofretete at his feet, at the cave temple of Abu Simbel

  Ewing Galloway, N. Y.

  FIG. 23. The dancing girl. Design on an ostracon

  Turin Museum, Italy

  FIG. 24. Cat watching his prey. A wall-painting in the grave of Khnumhotep at Beni-Hasan

  Copy by Howard Carter; courtesy of Egypt Exploration Society

  FIG. 25. Chair of Tutenkhamon

  Cairo Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 26. Painted limestone head of Ikhnaton’s Queen Nofretete

&nb
sp; Metropolitan Museum of Art facsimile of original in State Museum, Berlin

  FIG. 27. The god Shamash transmits a code of laws to Hammurabi

  Louvre; photo copyright by W. A. Mansell & Co., London

  FIG. 28. The “Lion of Babylon.” Painted tile-relief

  State Museum, Berlin; Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 29. Head of Esarhaddon

  State Museum, Berlin

  FIG. 30. The Prism of Sennacherib

  Iraq Museum; courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago

  FIG. 31. The Dying Lioness of Nineveh

  British Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 32. The Lion Hunt; relief on alabaster, from Nineveh

  British Museum; photo by Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 33. Assyrian relief of Marduk fighting Tiamat, from Kalakh

  British Museum; photo copyright by W. A. Mansell, London

  FIG. 34. Winged Bull from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Kalakh

  Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 35. A street in Jerusalem

  FIG. 36. Hypothetical restoration of Solomon’s Temple

  Underwood & Underwood

  FIG. 37. The ruins of Persepolis

  Courtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago

  FIG. 38. “Frieze of the Archers.” Painted tile-relief from Susa

  Louvre; photo by Archives Photographiques d’Art et d’Histoire

  FIG. 39. Burning Ghat at Calcutta

  Bronson de Cou, from Ewing Galloway, N. Y.

  FIG. 40. “Holy Men” at Benares

  FIG. 41. A fresco at Ajanta

  FIG. 42. Mogul painting of Durbar of Akbar at Akbarabad. Ca. 1620

  Boston Museum of Fine Arts

  FIG. 43. Torso of a youth, from Sanchi

  Victoria and Albert Museum, London

  FIG. 44. Seated statue of Brahma, 10th century

  Metropolitan Museum of Art

  FIG. 45. The Buddha of Sarnath, 5th century

  Photo by A. K. Coomaraswamy

  FIG. 46. The Naga-King. Façade relief on Ajanta Cave-temple XIX

  Courtesy of A. K. Coomaraswamy

  FIG. 47. The Dancing Shiva. South India, 17th century

  Minneapolis Institute of Arts

  FIG. 48. The Three-faced Shiva, or Trimurti, Elephanta

  Underwood & Underwood

  FIG. 49. The Buddha of Anuradhapura, Ceylon

  Ewing Galloway, N. Y.